فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 58 (پاییز 1399)

The harem, or odalisque, was notable as a center for political decision-makings in the Safavid Era when court women could play effective roles in the political arena in case appropriate conditions were met. Safavid women played significant roles in the field of politics: they engaged in general politics during the governments of Shah Ismail I and Tahmasp I. During the administration of Shah Ismail II and Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, women gained so much power that they could dismiss one and throne the other. Such powerfulness of harem women caused Shah Abbas to make attempts to limit this institution in the court and confine their engagements. Despite his attempts, however, a center of power was formed in harem in which both women and eunuchs engaged. A survey of Safavid texts indicates that women and eunuchs played significant parts in appointment and dismissal of governors with regard to their roles in schooling princes. The present study, bearing a descriptive-analytical approach, indicated that Safavid harem of women played significant roles in determination of king’s successor, despite their sociopolitical limitations.

At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period. Throughout history, the land of Iran has been sufficient, and it has never enjoyed the invasion of the Tazians, the head of the enemy, and its spectacular features. The right of intellectuals to make this invasion a tragedy is the best manifestation of the history of Iran, and you may also choose faith and belief. As a secular intellectual, Akhundzadeh seeks the real root of Iran's regression in the Qajar period. He called the attack of the Tazians and the role of Islam in the backwardness of the Iranian society about caring for their teachers at the cost of explaining the differences between the two in ancient Iran and the Islamic world. Adjust it. And the glory of ancient Iran, there is no scale pricing with the Islamic period. Purdavood Ta'alf Akhundzadeh, with the passage of time and the culture of ancient Iran, you translated Avesta into Persian. At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period.

The IRGC was important to the Sultan of the Buyids because of its militaristic nature and for maintaining its occupation and fighting the claimants of the government. Therefore, recognizing the position, role and function of the IRGC in the Buwayhid era is a matter of recognizing the structure of government and, consequently, the order and security of the society of the Buwayhid era. In this regard, the central question of the present study is what was the military strategy of the IRGC in the era of Al-Buwayh and what were its characteristics? The hypothesis is that the composition and military strategy of this period consisted of heterogeneous parts: this strategy, as long as powerful rulers were in power, led to the order and security of the country, and with the beginning of the weakness of the rulers, a wave of insecurity began. Learned. In the present article, an attempt is made to explain the role of the IRGC in the process of social order and security during the rule of Al-Buwayh by a descriptive-analytical method with a historical approach and relying on library studies.

The Astan Quds Razavi in all periods of history has always been the focus of attention of waqifs who have dedicated a part or all of their property to it. From the Safavid era onwards, a person named Motavalli (Trustee) was selected and sent to Mashhad to manage the endowment affairs of Astan Quds. During the Pahlavi period, the government took over the oversight of this wealthy institution and appointed agents. Endowments in most dynasties were subject to the policies of the central government, and this trend continued in the Pahlavi regime. The status of trusteeship and the administrative system of Astan Quds underwent many changes during the Pahlavi period, and due to some actions contrary to the religion of the Pahlavi government, changes took place in the endowment process. After the relationship between religion and the state became strained, criteria such as lordship and spirituality, which had previously been considered in the selection of a trustee, lost their value and were replaced by political considerations. The research method in this article is historical (inductive) method and its writing and compilation method is descriptive-analytical. Extraction of information and data has been done in the form of libraries and documents. The present study, using the approach of historical contextology and also relying on some new documents, investigates the administrative structure and management of Astan Quds Razavi in the Pahlavi era.

The cult of Sun Worshiping has long been practiced in ancient Iran. But after the prosperity of Zoroastrianism by Zarathustra, Mehr, who was considered the god of Mehr and the sun, became the god of Mehr and descended from the rank of god, and in Avesta he was given a part called Mehr Yasht. The seal is not the same as the sun, but later the two were combined and considered one. In Avesta, the god of love is introduced as the angel of light and enlightenment, as well as war, and has the high qualities of power and heroism. In this research, which has been done as a library, we examine the role of god of Mehr socially and its function based on Mehr Yasht texts.

The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the developments and backgrounds of the formation of the new educational system and schools in the Qajar period. By choosing the historical period of "Qajar" as the source and beginning of the changes in the new educational system in Yazd, the present study has tried to analyze and explain the "contexts, content and process of educational developments in Yazd" with a descriptive and analytical approach. According to studies, teaching in a new style began in the middle of the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar with the initiative of religious missionaries in Yazd. Subsequently, religious minorities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, merchants, and dignitaries established new-style schools and established the growth and dynamism of the city's education system. However, this process faced many obstacles and obstacles. However, the traditional methods of education, namely schools of religious sciences and schools in Yazd, continued for decades after the constitution. In the process of changes in the educational system and the formation of new education in Yazd, factors such as global developments and domestic developments in the country, the characteristics of Yazd multicultural society due to religious minorities, Qajar tendency towards education and new educational styles (from the middle of Qajar), The establishment of new schools such as Dar al-Fonun, etc., local newspapers, Zoroastrian merchants, the Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of schools by minorities and religious missionaries, etc. have been effective.

With the formation of the Safavid Shiite government and their rivalry with the Ottoman government, the rulers paid attention to the border areas in the west of the Iranian plateau. It intends to study and analyze the convergence and divergence of the Kurdish people with the Safavids up to the time of Shah Abbas. The main question is what were the reasons for the convergence and divergence of the Kurdish tribes in western Iran with the Safavid government? The present article uses a descriptive and analytical approach to examine the convergence and divergence with the political and religious index of the Kurdish tribes with the Safavids. The result of the research is that some Kurdish tribes played a prominent role in strengthening the structure of political and military power of the central government of Iran in western Iran by converging politically and religiously with the Safavid government. But others, due to the wrong behavior of the Safavid kings and the support of the Ottoman government with divergence with the Safavids and alliance with the Ottomans, wanted to maintain their local independence.

The instinct of worship has long existed among humans, and this is the factor that human beings tend to worship the agents of nature. This desire has changed over the course of history and has evolved into different forms. The ritual of metropolis or Mithraism is one of these religions that has been prevalent among the Aryans thousands of years ago. How the birth of this religion and the beliefs of its followers have been shrouded in ambiguity and different theories have been presented. This article is done by descriptive-analytical method, while using the Avesta's religious texts, especially the hymns of Mehrist, Gospels, Vedic hymns, ancient Persian inscriptions and the Middle Ages, and researches done in the form of articles and research books, to explain and analyze the Mitra's religion After describing the atheism, the birth and duties of the Seal to its poets and its descendants, to clarify the dimensions of this ancient Iranian religion, rooted in the sun-prestige, the world's greatest religion in human history. Rigoda's writings, ancient writings and Avesta hymns, especially the poem of the god of Mehr, all reflect the greatness of the other gods.